As of April 2025, Sudan’s civil war has entered its third year, with the Darfur region experiencing escalating violence and humanitarian crises. The conflict, which began in April 2023, pits the Sudanese military, led by General Abdel-Fattah al-Burhan, against the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), commanded by Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo. While the military has recently regained control of Khartoum, the RSF has intensified its operations in Darfur, leading to severe consequences for civilians.
The RSF’s offensive in Darfur has resulted in significant displacement and loss of life. In April 2025, the RSF captured the Zamzam displacement camp in North Darfur, displacing up to 400,000 people and causing over 300 civilian deaths, including 10 aid workers. The RSF justified the attack by alleging that the camp served as a base for army-aligned groups, but rights organizations have warned of potential atrocities if the RSF took control.
The humanitarian situation in Darfur is dire. Famine has been confirmed in 10 locations and threatens to spread to 17 more areas, exacerbated by blocked aid access. With nearly 13 million people displaced, rising disease outbreaks, and a crumbling economy, humanitarian needs are tremendous. However, aid efforts are hindered by funding shortfalls and ongoing violence, leaving millions vulnerable.
The conflict has also led to severe human rights violations. In West Darfur, the RSF and allied militias have been accused of committing atrocities against the Masalit ethnic group, including mass killings, torture, and sexual violence. The United Nations and human rights organizations have documented these acts as potential crimes against humanity and genocide.
International efforts to mediate peace have been limited. A leaked UN report raised concerns about the United Arab Emirates’ involvement in the conflict, suggesting possible arms smuggling to the RSF. However, the UAE denies these allegations.
As Sudan approaches its third year of civil war, the Darfur region remains a focal point of violence and suffering. The international community faces increasing pressure to intervene and address the escalating crisis.
